Transplacental transmission presumably is responsible for perinatal infections depending on risk factors including maternal HBeAg positivity, HBsAg titer and HBV DNA level. Perinatal transmission occurs at or close to the time of birth as a result of exposure to maternal blood and cervical secretions. Maternal-fetal transmission is currently the most common route of HBV transmission because meticulous screening for HBV has been performed in individuals receiving transfusion of blood products. ( 3)While the highest rate was observed in Asian women (6%), the rates in black, white and Hispanic women were 1, 0.6 and 0.14%, respectively. ( 2) The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in pregnant women in urban areas of the USA varies by race and ethnicity. ( 2) However the development of HCC was associated with genotype B in a single Taiwanese pediatric study. Genotype C results in more aggressive hepatitis and is associated with an increased risk of HCC. ( 1) Children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (genotype B and C) have a high frequency of HBeAg positivity and high HBV DNA levels compared to those with other genotypes and the timing of HBeAg seroconversion in genotype C is more delayed compared to genotype B. HBV has 8 genotypes (A–H) which are associated with moderate differences in response to therapy. The number of cases of chronic HBV infection has been estimated at almost 400 million worldwide (~5% of world’s population). However treatment with these agents seldom results in a functional cure and more effective therapies are urgently needed There are currently 5 FDA-approved agents for HBV-infected children: alpha-interferon, lamivudine, adefovir, tenofovir, and entecavir. For HCV-infected children the current standard of care is pegylated interferon and ribavirin but clinical trials with highly effective direct acting antiviral agents are currently underway in the pediatric age group. Efforts from worldwide health organizations, pharmaceutical industries, and clinical and research institutions have resulted in much new knowledge, very effective therapy for HCV-infected children and the promise of new effective therapies for HBV-infected children. Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are rare during childhood but commonly expected in adulthood. The majority of cases are asymptomatic during childhood and young adulthood. Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) are the most common causes of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States. The synopsis appears only in the table of contents and is often used by indexing services such as PubMed Chronic viral hepatitis continues to be a global health threat and a financial burden. Provide a brief summary of your article (100 to 150 words no references or figures/tables).
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